Способы достижения связности текста
18.12.2018
Когезия — грамматическая и лексическая связность текста или предложения, которая соединяет их в единое целое и придает им смысл. Это одно из необходимых условий текстуальности.
Достичь когезии можно несколькими способами.
1. Повтор ключевых терминов или фраз
Пример:
- On Wednesday afternoon, Mark Stucky left work early and went to his stepdaughter’s place to hang window blinds. Stucky, the lead test pilot at Virgin Galactic, was expecting to fulfill a lifelong dream—flying a rocket ship into space—the next morning, but he was trying not to make more of it than necessary.
The New-Yorker
- The tweet storm seemed to stem from Drake asking for a clearance from Kanye for Drake’s song «Say What’s Real.» The song uses parts of Kanye’s song «Say You Will,» so Drake would need Kanye’s approval to put the recording on streaming services.
Euronews
2. Замена ключевых слов на синонимы
Пример:
- These are three digital sculptures from a new exhibition by the artist Sebastian Errazuriz, born in Chile and based in New York. While the figures look like classical marble statues, they are not chiselled from stone but painstakingly sculpted in 3D modelling software and viewable in augmented reality.
Wired
- Dali is known to be a famous Surrealist and depicting this theme through his paintings. Most of his works show a sort of dream sequence which he often draws hallucinatory characters.
Dali Paintings
3. Замена ключевых слов на местоимения
Пример:
- Although artificial general intelligence is still firmly confined to the realm of science fiction, Errazuriz sees the prospect of a technological singularity as a real risk. He believes that artists have a role in communicating the potential negative consequences of such technology.
Wired
- The sketch has achieved a cult status across northern Europe that is barely imaginable to bemused Brits. It has spawned events, themed restaurants and multiple parodies, while its catchphrase has settled into German everyday usage.
The Guardian
4. Использование переходных слов
Пример:
- The hunt threw up 36 verbs which had at least two different forms of past tense, including quit/quitted and leaped/leapt. However for the majority, including spilled v spilt, the team said that which form was waxing or waning was not clearly down to selection – meaning it is probably down to chance over which word individuals heard and copied.
The Guardian
- Admittedly, calling a boat Boaty McBoatface was a bad idea, voted for by idiots. But it was our bad idea. It was the British character writ large, and this cruel government killed it.
The Guardian
Список переходных слов
Добавление |
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| again also and and then besides |
equally further(more) in addition (to…) indeed next |
in fact moreover too what is more finally |
Сравнение |
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| compared with in comparison with in the same way/manner |
similarly likewise |
again also |
Противопоставление и утверждение |
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| besides but however in contrast instead conversely it may be the case that certainly also likewise |
naturally nevertheless of course on the contrary on the other hand regardless granted like different from Alternatively |
still whereas while yet although despite it is true that notwithstanding |
Перечисление |
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| first(ly), secondly etc. finally in the (first) place |
last to (begin) with more important |
on top of (that) next then |
Уступка |
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| although it is true that it may appear regardless certainly |
granted that naturally it is true that I admit that |
of course it may be the case that |
Пример |
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| as (evidence of…) for example for instance thus to illustrate |
such as to show what (I mean) specifically let us (take the case of…) |
|
Предположение |
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| if not, … in (that) case |
otherwise that implies |
then |
Обобщение/заключение |
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| in all in brief to summarise in summary |
in short in conclusion therefore In a nutshell |
on the whole to sum up basically |
Время и последовательность событий |
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| after (a while) afterwards at first at last at (the same time) while first, second, third… thereafter concurrently soon as soon as |
before (that time) finally in the end meanwhile next immediately next firstly , secondly, thirdly… in the future subsequently at that time |
since (then) so far then (up to) (then) later somewhat earlier shortly over the next (2 days) as long as last |
Результат |
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| accordingly as a result consequently since as a consequence of… caused accordingly |
for that reason hence thus if…then… …result(s) in … contribute to In consequence |
then therefore the ( consequence ) of that is… …is due to… brought about by/because… lead to… |
Переформулировка |
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| in other words rather Briefly put simply |
that is (to say) to put it more (simply) basically |
|
Замена |
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| again alternatively |
(better) still on the other hand |
the alternative is… |
Переход |
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| as far as … is concerned as for… incidentally |
now to turn to… with (reference) to |
with regard to… Concerning… |
Место/расположение |
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| above beyond in the back nearby elsewhere opposite to behind |
adjacent here near there far to the left |
below in front there closer to farther on to the right |
Отражающие авторскую позицию |
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| Admittedly All things considered As a general rule As far as we know Astonishingly Broadly By and large Characteristically Clearly Coincidentally Conveniently Curiously Disappointingly Equally Essentially Explicitly Even so Eventually Fortunately |
Fundamentally Generally speaking Interestingly Ironically In essence In general In particular In practice In reality In retrospect/hindsight In theory In view of this More interestingly More seriously More specifically Naturally On balance Obviously On reflection Overall |
Paradoxically Potentially Predictably Presumably Primarily Probably Remarkably Seemingly Significantly Surprisingly Theoretically To all intents and purposes Typically Ultimately Understandably Undoubtedly Unfortunately With hindsight |
Статью подготовила:
Лорена Маткава, копирайтер, переводчик-стажёр бюро переводов «Альянс ПРО»
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